Supply chain & logistics
All topics related to immunization supply chain and logistics, including vaccine forecasting and supply planning, distribution systems, vaccine management, vaccine wastage, and waste management.
Posts
The popular Temperature Stability of Vaccines slides that were originally produced by Dr. Julie Milstien for the TechNet21 2006 consultation have been further updated. The authors have made some graphic changes based on feedback received from field trainings.
You can access the document here: Te...
Cross-posted from http://deliver.jsi.com/ with thanks!
Risk management for public health supply chains focuses on how to organize the logistics activities of the supply chain in order to ensure that commodities needed for health programs are continuously available, without disruption. The USAID |...
Thank you Dr Robert Steinglass for directing our attention here. This contribution has been cross-posted from the International Association of Public Health Logisticians (IAPHL) with thanks. Those of you interested in subscribing to the discussions on this forum, please click here: http://knowledge-...
The data given for solar-powered refrigerators in the PQS sheets is not given consistently enough so that comparisons of various models can be made.
The data needed for a fair comparison most often is energy consumption at 32 deg C without ice making, energy use with ice making and quantity of ic...
Joanie Robertson Senior Manager, Vaccine Supply Chain, GAVI Alliance wants your views on vaccine investment strategies and the vaccine supply chain. The GAVI Alliance is currently developing two strategies, and your views are important for both. The Vaccine Investment Strategy and the Supply Chain...
What range of humidity is permitted in a refrigerator to ensure vaccine safety?...
Often we are not so familiar with the objects which we use very frequently. Knowing a little more helps in working with more confidence and perfection. Cleanliness is usually taken for granted. Revitted strap which keeps the lid entangled may be cumbersome to operate but it does an important functio...
While monitoring Routine Immunization sessions, finding fully melted relatively warm ice-packs but Vaccine Vial Monitor(VVM) in usable condition is common, but finding frozen ‘T’ series vaccines with unconditioned ice-packs in the field is also common. VVM being heat sensitive cannot measure freeze ...
Sun Frost is considering building a cart-mounted vaccine storage refrigerator. It would incorporate mountain-bike type wheels so that it could be moved over rough terrain. The refrigerator would have a net storage volume of about 40 litres. It would be a side-opening one and similar to the refrigera...
by Beth Balderston, PATH and Heidi Lasher, consultant
To accompany the article “Traveling exhibit highlights supply system innovations” in the May 2013
Op.ti.mize newsletter, project Optimize has published a photo set on Flickr of its traveling exhibit at the TechNet Consultation in Dakar, Sene...
by Bjorn Melgaard, Judy Roberts, Prashant Yadav, Anup Akkihal, Robert Steinglass, and Gisele Corrêa Miranda, Optimize Project Advisory Group members
Following the 2013 TechNet Consultation in Dakar, Senegal, members of the Optimize Project Advisory Group (PAG) met for the last time to discuss pro...
With the launch of a new Decade of Vaccines (DoV) as outlined in the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2012, the world will be embarking on ambitious strategies to introduce the next generation of new vaccines and raise vaccination coverage to desired levels,...
In 2009, key staff at Tanzania’s Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW) and Medical Stores Department (MSD) declared the council health management team (CHMT) of the Iramba district to be one of the poorest performing teams in the country in the stock management of medicines and supplies. Tod...
Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) and partners have worked hard to combat maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) illnesses, but the burden of these conditions in Nigeria remains high. Last summer, as part of several strategic interventions to increase MNCH services for the most vulne...
The USAID | DELIVER PROJECT has published three new documents that can help health supply chain programme managers understand and track key performance indicators for the procurement process.The Procurement Performance Indicators Guide—Using Procurement Performance Indicators to Strengthen the Procu...
Sun Frost has been building vaccine storage refrigerators for the past 20 years. Sun Frost is now building a direct-drive ice pack freezer. Some new technologies incorporated into the design allows the freezer to run even at very low light levels. On a cloudy day if the output of the PV array is les...
Health supply chains in developing nations may benefit from new models of performance improvement that link rewards with results. By looking at examples of performance-based financing (PBF) in the commercial sector, the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT has outlined four of the essential components for creati...
by Dan Brigden, PATH
In November 2012, the first immunization campaign to use a controlled temperature chain (CTC) took place in Banikoara in northern Benin. This photo set contains photographs taken during the campaign, where over 155,000 people were vaccinated using the CTC approach.
Access ...
by Simona Zipursky, PATH; Mamoudou Harouna Djingarey, WHO/AFRO; Olivier Ronveaux, WHO/AFRO; Sylvestre Tiendrebeogo, Consultant
In November 2012, the first immunization campaign to use a controlled temperature chain (CTC) took
place in Banikoara in northern Benin. MenAfriVac is a meningitis A vac...
Four new technical briefs from the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT offer guidance on important ways to strengthen malaria supply chains in developing countries. From techniques for stakeholder collaboration to identifying potential causes of commodity leakage, these publications address critical aspects of ...
Hi,
I would greatly appreciate your expert opinion on a technical question regarding extensive field monitoring of solar generator. The objective is to carry out a long-term, rather in-depth field monitoring of solar (DD) fridge installations for their long-term performance evaluation and programma...
Dear colleagues,
With the GAVI Partners' Forum and Africa Regional Conference on Immunization taking place in Dar Es Salaam in the coming two weeks, and with the recent endorsement of the Global Vaccine Action Plan, immunization is receiving a great deal of attention. Over the past three years, t...
Cold chain handlers, medical officers and district immunization officers often face problems in calculating the cold space required for storing vaccines at the planning unit level. Hence, the volume of each carton is measured and arranged as per the existing guidelines to simplify the theoretical pr...
An interview with Lisa Ganley-Leal and Pauline Mwinzi, Epsilon Therapeutics
Earlier this year, Lisa Ganley-Leal and Pauline Mwinzi were awarded $100,000 by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through its Grand Challenges Explorations initiative. They hope to demonstrate that selling vaccines ...
by Hamadou Modibo Dicko, Philippe Jaillard, and Benjamin Schreiber, AMP; Bruce Y. Lee, University of Pittsburgh; and Heidi Lasher, consultant to project Optimize
To improve immunization program performance, the Government of Benin is using cutting-edge modeling tools to better understand how chan...
Success has many fathers, failure is an orphan. Yet, we can learn so much more from failure than successes. The amazing safety of modern flight is a result of this systems-based analysis of failures. In contrast, medical safety continues poorly with a culture of 'blame' focusing on individuals rat...
Many thanks to Mojtaba Haghgou for sharing this article with the forum. Vaccine cold chain functional inventory and gap analysis: Looking at all existing cold chain equipment at one go Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran, July 2011 By Dr. Mohsen Zahraei, EPI Manager and Mr. G. Zamani, V...
by Dr. Thierno Seydou Nourou Guèye, Pharmacie Régionale d’Approvisionnement de Saint-Louis; Madjiguène Ndiaye Coulibaly, SNEIPS*; Ibrahima Leye, consultant
A project in Senegal that uses a specially equipped truck to transport vaccine supplies has proven so successful that it is now being expande...
New IATA regulation
Dear all
IATA regulation changes for Time & Temperature Sensitive Pharmaceutical shipments, with regard to the logging devices, additional text is proposed in the IATA regulations for Chapter 17 of the Perishables
http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/cargo/Pages/perishables.aspx
Temperature Logging...
The “Autonomy Tool” is a method of sizing solar power systems. It was developed several years ago. I recently reread the instructions describing the application of this sizing technique. From my interpretation of the instructions the “Autonomy Tool” can be used to size battery powered systems or dir...
by Joanie Robertson, PATH, and Steve McCarney, Solar Electric Light Fund
Field-tests conducted in the cloudy north of Vietnam suggest there may be a bright future for battery-free solar refrigerators in low-light conditions.
As reported in the Op.ti.mize October 2011 issue, project Optimize ...
by Hai Le and Kien Vu, PATH
To accompany the article “Do battery-free solar refrigerators work in low-light conditions?” in this month’s newsletter, Optimize has published a photo set on Flickr that reveals how the solar refrigerators were installed and tested.
The photo set includes photogr...
by Kristina Lorenson, PATH
Regional distribution centers (RDCs) may be a realistic option for countries that distribute large quantities of vaccines and need to invest in cold chain infrastructure, according to a report by project Optimize. The report, completed this month, assesses the cost of ...
Cross-posted from the January 2012 [i]Global Immunization News issue. Many thanks. [/i]
31/01/2012 from UNICEF Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CEECIS)
The suggestion that I post this news came from Mojtaba Haghgou--the VSSM expert.
Following the decision...
While immunization partners involved in supporting vaccine supply chain (WHO, UNICEF’s CCL and Project Optimize ...) are collaborating and building on each others’ experiences, there are several pertinent questions to the field yet to be addressed:
1. Questions related to standby generators:
Alt...
In North Africa, temperatures can range from 43 deg C in summer to near freezing during the winter. Is this a hot, temperate or moderate zone? Perhaps it would be most beneficial for the purchaser to know at what temperature range the refrigerators will provide proper storage conditions. For example...
With many thanks to John Lloyd for this post.
Countries that currently use absorption refrigeration (gas, electric or kerosene-powered) are facing increasing pressure to switch to solar photovoltaic-powered refrigeration for vaccine as manufacture of absorption equipment shrinks. We have a substa...
by Kien Vu and Hai Le, PATH
In many developing countries, vaccine storage in refrigerators is very costly for immunization programs. For years, solar refrigeration has helped those countries increase cold chain capacity and decrease energy costs and consumption. However, problems with battery mai...
Courtesy: Carin Hall (http://www.energydigital.com)
Inspired by the global need for the storage of vaccines, Adam Grosser describes a project in progress to supply inexpensive refrigeration that doesn't require electricity, propane, gas, kerosene or consumables. Using an historical concept of int...
by Patrick Lydon, World Health Organization; Chutima Suraratdecha, PATH; Michelle Arnot, Western Cape Department of Health; Ticky Raubenheimer, Collaborative Centre for Cold Chain Management; Arthorn Riewpaiboon, Mahidol University; and Cha-oncin Sooksriwong, Mahidol University
In recent years, ...
by Juanita Folmsbee, SCMS and Hai Le, PATH
While project Optimize seeks innovative supply chain solutions for vaccines, it often finds those solutions already being implemented in other supply chain systems. In this article, we explore a success story from the Supply Chain Management System (SCM...
Written by: Madjiguène Ndiaye, SNEIPS; Ibrahima Leye, Consultant; and Mariama Gueye, PATH On October 27, 2010, the Government of Senegal officially launched a new project to demonstrate the impact of various changes and upgrades to the vaccine supply chain including the use of mobile warehouses to...
New Vaccine Wastage
Till now, many countries were using relatively cheap vaccines for their EPI program and therefore the issue of vaccine wastage was not given much importance as the focus was on reaching maximum number of beneficiaries. But now given the fact that many countries have now introduced or are in the proc...
Hi all!
I'm looking into what health workers/users and health programs like to see in a vaccine carrier and/or what specifications they wish vaccine carriers had. In particular, what are you looking for in a vaccine carrier that is used for outreach activities to remote or hard-to-reach areas f...
Hi all! Though I've looked around TechNet before and found some very insightful info, this is my first time to post!
I'm a student intern at an organization that seeks to better understand the problems of the cold chain and reasons for vaccine wastage. With immunization programs in developing c...
PATH is investigating the potential of low-cost, post-market modifications to improve the performance of domestic refrigerators for vaccine storage, as an intermediate step to procurement of a WHO PQS pre-qualified vaccine refrigerator.
We would like to learn more about the use of domestic vacci...
PQS Data
I was recently trying to compare PQS data for direct drive refrigerators. Data for two parameters of prime importance are not always given:
- Solar radiation reference period
- Power consumption: Stable Running
Data is also usually given for 43 deg C and sometimes for 32 deg C. D...
Recently, I have seen a number of relatively large RFQ’s for direct drive refrigerators. These refrigerators do not have an ice pack freezer. From past feed back from our customers and WHO we have heard that ice packs are necessary to distribute vaccines to more remote areas. We are concerned that ...
New Cold Revolution
All vaccines are to be kept between 2 to 8 degree C both in Public and Private sector. I feel there is a need for 'COLD REVOLUTION' to immunize the vaccinated.
Cold-revolutionP1.pdf
Cold-revolutionP2.pdf...
Looking at the product sheets for carriers and cold boxes, I can see their vaccine storage capacity of 1 L, 2L, etc. But how does that translate into the number of vials that carriers and cold boxes typically hold?
Many thanks in advance to your feedback!...
This questionnaire comes from Andrew Garnett. Please do respond.
WHO and PATH are developing specifications for a new generation of large capacity cold boxes. We believe that these will improve the efficiency and security of vaccine deliveries at the national and provincial levels, helping countr...
Health Centers are provided with Ice Lined Refrigerators for keeping the vaccines of one mothh requirement. ILR has 3 baskets, one in the bottom 'A' zone with lower end temperature and 2 upper baskets in zone 'B' at higher end of critically set temperature of 2 to 8 degree centigrade. Since the heat...
New 'VACCINE SAFE'
Sharing the photos of 'VACCINE SAFE' a fridge for keeping vaccines which is locally designed for the private sector are attached. It has one zone maintaining 2 to 8 degree C temperature....
Currently Abhay Clinics are providing vaccine refrigerators to private practitioners in their network. Government agencies use the old Bluestar or VestFrost ILRs at the block and district levels and Walk In Coolers above this. Voltas does not seem to make ILRs. The new Haier ILRs appear to be of a d...
Does somebody know where I can find the latest recommendations of the WHO, to use chilled water packs or conditioned ice packs for vaccine transport and distribution. I heard recommendations changed (chilled > conditioned) but I can not find the source. I even heard it should be posted on this we...
by Steve McCarney and Joanie Robertson, PATH
Many health facilities in remote areas operate without grid electricity, have unreliable electricity, or find that using electricity is too costly. In these settings, solar energy is a promising solution for powering the storage and transportation need...
The current issue of the alumni magazine from the Stanford Graduate School of Business (http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/bmag/) has a feature on supply chain management. There are many links to explore:
A Global Supply Chain Forum (http://gsb.stanford.edu/scforum/) An article on the supply chain 'Bu...
Are dairy chains and routine vaccine chains complementary? In Karnataka (South India) milk unions pick-up milk from even remote villages with amazing regularity/predictability (without special technology to speak of). Vehicles with "chillers" travel empty, and return with milk to the semi-urban proc...
by Yves Chartier, WHO, and Olga Popova, Crucell
Worldwide immunization programs have had an enormously positive impact on health and health care since 1974 when the World Health Assembly launched the Expanded Programme on Immunization. However, like all great achievements the effort has unveiled ...
by Steve McCarney, John Lloyd, and Joanie Robertson, PATH A group of public- and private-sector partners are collaborating with project Optimize to evaluate a range of innovative transportation and storage containers for heat-sensitive drugs and vaccines that operate in environments with or without...
I recently was looking at specifications for solar powered vaccine refrigerators in the PIS and PQS specifications. I was trying to do a comparison of the various models and found it difficult.
For each model the data given is for different test conditions. For example, energy use data for True E...
In solar powered vaccine storage systems high quality wet cell batteries have the potential of lasting longer than sealed batteries. However, they periodically need the addition of distilled water. Distilled water can be hard to obtain in remote areas. Sun Frost has developed a method using waste h...
Compressor Replacement Without a Vacuum Pump Replacement of a compressor requires the use of a vacuum pump. Solar powered vaccine refrigerators are generally located away from the utility grid. Most vacuum pumps are powered by AC grid power making compressor replacement difficult. We have develo...
New User's manuals
User manuals always disappear.
I would suggest that manufactures are requested to stick the manuals on the lid/door.
Naturally the stickers must be of good quality, like the do's & don'ts on the VESTFROST ILRs
merry christmas
soren spanner...
In my humble opinion Michel and Robert have asked a useful question. Very often polio or other campaigns displace Measles and Bcg in subdistrict stores. The unwritten convention is to move them to the freezer. Especially since the vials are not as breakable as the old ampoules used earlier Usually f...
by Olivier Ronveaux, WHO, and Mojtaba Haghgou, Vaccine Management Consultant
Maintaining required temperatures in vaccine refrigerators and freezers is one of the more thankless tasks of a cold chain manager as it requires painstaking manual recording of the temperature of each piece of equipment...
Project Optimize, a PATH-WHO collaboration, would like to highlight
successful solar refrigeration programs to guide industry and those
considering implementing such a program. Do you know of any success
solar refrigeration programs in your country ? YES/NO If YES, could
you please give us t...
The video of the WHO-PDA Parmaceutical cold chain management on wheels course conducted during 2-7 June 2008 in Istanbul, Ankara, Konya, Eskiehir and Bursa (a 1,400 km route), Turkey.
[vimeo]8785477[/vimeo]...
Written by: Kevin Pilz, USAID contractor and Bonnie Keith, RHSC
Public-health systems everywhere depend upon reliable and efficient supply of medicines and health commodities to ensure positive health outcomes. Despite this, supply chains in low- and middle-income countries are rarely recognized ...
Under the auspices of the UNICEF-led Cold Chain and Logistics Task Force (http://www.unicef.org/immunization/index_42071.html), with a temporary secretariat housed at Project Optimize (http://www.who.int/immunization_delivery/systems_policy/optimize/en/index.html), a group of partners and stakeholde...
by Steve Landry, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Anne Schuchat, CDC; Xavier Tomsej, USAID; Thomas O'Connell, UNICEF; David Lee, Management Sciences for Health, and Jean-Marie Okwo-Bele, WHO
In July 2010, Optimize convened workshops in Washington, DC and Seattle, WA, to engage a wide range o...
Hi,
I am working with the Clinton Health Access Initiative and we started looking at ways to help a few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to increase speed and efficiency in introducing the new rota and/or pneumo vaccines. It is fairly clear that the cold chain capacity needs to be upgraded due to th...
As a result of our posting on Tech Net we were made aware of a technique for melting syringes and suspending the needles in the innards of a plastic block formed by the melting plastic syringes. This technique eliminates exposed needles and reduces the volume of the waste by 70%. The technique is de...
Dear Sir,
We are one of the companies in INDIA making WHO approved cold Chain equipment.
We have a clear policy " Minimum order quantity in 1 nos of any Product"
If you require Ice packs and Vaccine Carriers please do let us know and we would be able supply you your required quantity.
...
As a part of study aimed towards assessing the magnitude and key drivers of vaccine wastage rate, the general understanding is that wastage rates are typically higher for multi-dose vial vaccines in comparison to single dose vial vaccines. Also, while key drivers of wastage such as expiry, freezing,...
Supply chain assessment reveals opportunities for Vietnamby Nguyen Tuyet Nga and Joanie Robertson, PATH, and Nguyen Van Cuong, NIHE
When Vietnam’s National Expanded Program on Immunization (NEPI) and Optimize agreed to explore novel public-sector supply chain solutions for Vietnam, they started with...
Modeling tools under developmentby Tessa Tan-Torres, WHO; Linda Allain, USAID | DELIVER PROJECT; Bruce Lee, University of Pittsburgh; and Carol Levin, PATH
If developing countries are to meet their populations’ health needs, they must ensure that their supply chains are able to cope with the increas...
by Janos Maté, SolarChill Project, and Steve McCarney, PATH
On March 18, 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) prequalified its first solar direct-drive vaccine refrigerator (Vestfrost model MKSO44). Ten years in the making, the SolarChillvaccine cooler operates with a compressor powered direct...
The World Health Organization (WHO) today released its final draft of Model requirements for the storage and transport of time and temperature sensitive pharmaceutical products for general public review. Review and comment period is open until July 31st, 2010.
This long-awaited guideline, prepa...
by Terry Hart and Julian Bilous, consultants, and Osman David Mansoor, UNICEF
In 2006, the Government of Japan offered funding to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) to help countries prevent and prepare for future influenza pandemics. Recognizing that support from cold chain and logistics ...
Many thanks to Ashley Iwanaga for sending in the latest UNDP GEF Healthcare Waste Management Project report.
Dear Colleagues,
The UNDP GEF Project on Healthcare Waste Management is excited to share its first Project Update report (in English, French, and Spanish). The goal of the project is ...
Tunisia to demonstrate innovative supply chain solutions for the futureby Patrick Lydon and Ibrahim Abdel Rahim, WHO
A new era of immunization supply systems officially got under way on Friday, January 22, 2010, in Tunis, when the Ministry of Public Health, the World Health Organization (WHO), and ...
http://www.timesche nnai.com/ index.php? mod=article&cat=General&article=47839
Now vaccines can be stored at room temperature
02.18.2010 (GMT+5.5)
London: For the first time scientists at Oxford University have found a way of keeping vaccines stable without refrigeration, even at tropica...
Partners begin effort to envision future supply chain systemsby Brent Burkholder, CDC, and Ibrahim El-Ziq, UNICEF Supply Division
In November 2009 at the GAVI Alliance Partners Forum in Hanoi, a group of 43 participants sat down to discuss their vision for future supply chain systems for health. Th...
AVI initiative confronts supply chain shortcomingsby Stefano Malvolti, PATH, and Souleymane Kone, WHO
The Accelerated Vaccine Introduction (AVI) initiative will see the first wave of pneumococcal vaccines entering up to 15 GAVI Alliance-approved countries in 2010. Another 11 countries are expected ...
Cold chain and logistics taskforce focuses on interagency cooperationby Osman David Mansoor, UNICEF Programme Division, and Ibrahim El-Ziq, UNICEF Supply Division
In November 2009, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) hosted a workshop of the Cold Chain and Logistics (CCL) Taskforce. The pur...
Vaccine Wastage Assessment, India
By Ranjit Dhiman / Satish Kumar Gupta- UNICEF India
In collaboration with the Ministry of Health, Government of India, UNICEF with WHO and partners carried out a vaccine wastage assessment in India. The aim of the study was to understand current vaccine wastage at v...
by Michel Zaffran, WHO; Julie Milstien, consultant; and Modibo Dicko, WHO
It has long been known that certain vaccines are stable for long periods of time at temperatures outside the standard cold chain protocol of 2[sup]o[/sup] to 8[sup]o[/sup]C. However, until recently, there have been few rea...
The Lagos State Waste Management Authority organised their fourth Medical Waste Summit, which was held on 26 and 27 October, 2009 at the National Arts Theatre Iganmu, Lagos with the theme “Safe Management of Healthcare Waste: The Time is Now”. This short report on the proceedings has been shared wit...
Managing cold chain equipment is getting easierby Sophie Newland, David Lubinski, and John Lloyd, PATH
Introducing newer, bulkier vaccines into a national immunization schedule can be a tricky job for logisticians. Is there enough space? Is there enough equipment? Is it in the right location? Is t...
Fee-based immunization in Vietnam—what can we learn?by Dai Hozumi, PATH, and Nguyen Van Cuong, NIHE
While most people in Vietnam receive traditional Expanded Programme on Immunization vaccines free from government-run clinics and health centers, many others elect to receive these and other immunizat...
Information gathered from the Health Ministry through the RTI Act confirms the overall shortage of 17 crore doses for diphtheria, measles, tetanus and oral polio vaccine.The shortage for diphtheria vaccine is nine crore doses, followed by 3.14 crore for tetanus, three crore for oral polio vaccine an...
Are Vertical Supply Chains Still Necessary?by Modibo Dicko, Coordinator, Project Optimize, WHO For the past 30 years, immunization—like many other health programs—has been managed as a vertical program with its own management team, reporting requirements, personnel, and supply chain. Attempts to li...
Today, most vaccines are licensed for storage between 2-8°C, regardless of their true stability. While there are some vaccines that do need to be kept at this specific temperature range, studies have shown that most vaccines are able to withstand higher temperature ranges for a specific period of ti...
by Joanie Robertson, Technical Officer, PATH In March 2009, six companies submitted designs to PATH in response to its Battery-Free Solar Refrigerator Challenge. Product designs that meet desired specifications will receive financial assistance to cover the cost of third-party testing required for...
Oral Polio Delivered Safely Without Icepacks in Recent Study
by Ariane Halm, EPIET (European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training), and Olivier Ronveaux, WHO
Optimizerecently completed a study with the World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office and the Ministry of Health in Mali to ...
New Why Optimize?
Why Optimize?by Daisy Mafubelu, Assistant Director General, WHO Family and Community Health Cluster,and Chris Elias, President and CEO, PATH In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) and PATH jointly launched Optimize, a five-year effort to help countries anticipate and manage the growing complex...
Is That a Toyota Prius in Your Refrigerator?
by Steve McCarney, PATH
Solar refrigeration has been a promising technology for rural health outposts in developing countries for two decades, but it has one fatal flaw: the batteries tend to die long before the rest of the system is ready to give up. ...
Long-term Cold Storage Containers and Carriers
for Heat/Freeze-sensitive Vaccines:
Target Performance Criteria
by Steve McCarney, PATH
Project Optimize, a collaboration between the World Health Organization (WHO) and PATH, seeks to develop and galvanize support around a vision for the future of i...
There are no discussions available here currently