The primary objective of a vaccination coverage survey is to provide a coverage estimate for selected vaccines. This page provides a list of documents related to the design, implementation, analysis, and reporting of vaccination coverage surveys. The documents have been organized into the categories below and are provided here to assist in conducting an effective vaccination coverage survey.
This page was created and is maintained by the WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Strategic Information Group. Much of this material was brought together at the "WHO Tools and Guidance on Immunization Data Quality and Vaccination Coverage Survey" meeting, which took place in Istanbul, Turkey in December 2015. For more information on this meeting, click here. To access the meeting report, click here.
- Templates and tools
- Publications
Practical guidance to do a vaccination coverage survey
This collection contains a series of presentations outlining the basic steps of a vaccination coverage survey, as well as some presentations on commonly asked questions and variations on a coverage survey. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coverage survey variations | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
| FAQ presentation | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
| Methods used for monitoring | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
| Practical Guidance: 17 Steps to do a Coverage Survey | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2018 | Guidance | English |
| Step 1, 2, & 3 presentation | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
| Step 10, 11, & 12 presentation | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
| Step 13 presentation | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
| Step 14 presentation | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
| Step 15 & 16 presentation | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
| Step 17 presentation | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
| Step 4, 5, & 6 presentation | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
| Step 7, 8, & 9 presentation | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
Analytic plan
This collection includes documents to assist with the development of an analytic plan for vaccination coverage survey data. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Analytic Definitions | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2016 | Guidance | English |
| Definitions of Timeliness | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2016 | Guidance | English |
| Suggested Analyses | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2016 | Guidance | English |
Budget examples
This collection includes documents to assist with the development of a budget for a vaccination coverage survey. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Budget Example | Guidance | English | ||
| DHS Budget Example | DHS | Guidance | English | |
| DHS Budget Template | DHS | Guidance | English | |
| MICS Budget Template | MICS | Guidance | English | |
| WHO Cluster Survey Budget Template | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Guidance | English |
Report outline
This collection contains an outline for developing a report for a vaccination coverage survey. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaccination Coverage Survey Report outline | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2016 | Guidance | English |
Request for proposal templates
This collection contains several examples of request for proposals. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Request For Proposal - Confidentiality | World Health Organization (WHO) | Guidance | English | |
| Request For Proposal Template - 50k+ | World Health Organization (WHO) | Guidance | English | |
| Request For Proposal Template - less than 50k | World Health Organization (WHO) | Guidance | English |
Sample terms of reference and profiles
This collection contains several sample terms of reference for positions such as survey coordinator and interviewers. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample personnel descriptions (for surveys) - Haiti | MOH - CDC - IHE | Guidance | English | |
| ToR - Consultant for pilot test of post intensified immunization activity | MOH St Lucia - PAHO | Guidance | English | |
| ToR - Consultant for pilot test of post SIA survey | MOH St Lucia - PAHO | Guidance | English | |
| ToR - Coordinator for MMR vaccination coverage survey | MOH St Lucia - PAHO | Guidance | English | |
| ToR - Data analysis and report writing for MMR vaccination coverage survey | MOH St Lucia - PAHO | Guidance | English | |
| ToR - Data entry clerk for MMR vaccination coverage survey | MOH St Lucia - PAHO | Guidance | English | |
| ToR - Data management coordinator for MMR vaccination coverage survey | MOH St Lucia - PAHO | Guidance | English | |
| ToR - Interviewers for MMR vaccination coverage survey | MOH St Lucia - PAHO | Guidance | English | |
| ToR - PH Nurse and Nurse Practitioner for MMR vaccination coverage survey | MOH St Lucia - PAHO | Guidance | English | |
| ToR - Survey coordinator for supplemental national coverage survey | MOH St Lucia - PAHO | Guidance | English |
Survey forms and tools
This collection contains useful documents for carrying out a vaccination coverage survey, including sample surveys, sample log sheets, a project timeline, and equipment lists. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample consent form - Haiti | MOH - CDC - IHE | 2012 | Guidance | English |
| Sample Equipment List - DHS | DHS | Guidance | English | |
| Sample household log sheet - Haiti | MOH - CDC - IHE | 2012 | Guidance | English |
| Sample MR coverage log - Haiti | MOH - CDC - IHE | 2012 | Guidance | English |
| Sample questionnaire - Bolivia | MOH-PODEMA-PAHO | 2013 | Guidance | English |
| Sample questionnaire - Haiti | MOH - CDC - IHE | 2012 | Guidance | English |
| Sample Recruitment Log - Haiti | MOH - CDC - IHE | 2012 | Guidance | English |
| Sample timeline (1) - Haiti | MOH - CDC - IHE | 2012 | Guidance | English |
| Sample timeline (2) - Haiti | MOH - CDC - IHE | 2012 | Guidance | English |
Vaccination card picture management
This collection contains information on the protocol for collecting and managing vaccination card pictures. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) - Vaccination Card Picture Management | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2016 | Guidance | English |
Current WHO reference manuals
This collection contains current WHO reference manuals on vaccination coverage surveys. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHO Vaccination Coverage Cluster Surveys reference manual 2015 | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Guidance | English |
| WHO vaccination coverage cluster surveys reference manual briefing note | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Guidance | English |
| WHO vaccination coverage cluster surveys reference manual presentation | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2015 | Presentation | English |
| WHO Vaccination Coverage Cluster Surveys: Reference Manual | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2018 | Guidance | English |
Other WHO reference manuals
This collection contains various WHO reference manuals related to vaccination coverage surveys. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHO Hep B immunization surveys reference manual 2012 | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2012 | Guidance | English |
| WHO immunization coverage cluster survey reference manual 2005 | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2012 | Guidance | English |
| WHO vaccination coverage using clustered LQA field manual 2012 | World Health Organization (WHO) | 2012 | Guidance | English |
DHS training manuals
This collection contains documents to assist with the training of multiple members within a vaccination coverage survey team. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DHS manual for field staff- General (2009) | Guidance | English | ||
| DHS manual for household listing - Liberia (2012-2013) | Guidance | English | ||
| DHS manual for interviewers - General (2015) | Guidance | English | ||
| DHS manual for supervisors and editors - General (2015) | Guidance | English | ||
| Sample training agenda | Guidance | English |
Coverage survey publications
This collection contains several publications on vaccination coverage surveys from various regions and countries. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
Methodological publications
This collection contains several technical and methodological publications on vaccination coverage surveys. The collection also can be found in the TechNet Resource Library:
Coverage & equity and Decision-making
| Title | Author | Year | Type | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A computer simulation of the EPI survey strategy. | Alexandre G. Tserkovnyi, Jacobus Keja, James Leonard Tulloch, John E. Dowd, Stanley Lemeshow, Steven K. Lwanga | Journal article | English | |
| A not quite as quick but much cleaner alternative to the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Cluster Survey design. | Anthony G. Turner , Muhammad Shuaib, Robert J. Magnani | Journal article | English | |
| Assessing and monitoring vaccination coverage levels: lessons from the Americas. | Edgar Monterroso, Elizabeth R Zell, George Stroh, Gina Tambini, Héctor Izurieta, Linda Venczel, Vance Dietz | 2004 | Journal article | English |
| Assessing equivalence: an alternative to the use of difference tests for measuring disparities in vaccination coverage. | Elizabeth T. Luman, Lawrence E. Barker, Mary M. McCauley, Susan Y Chu | 2002 | Journal article | English |
| Choosing a Cluster Sampling Design for Lot Quality Assurance Sampling Surveys | Edward J. Bedrick, Lauren Hund, Marcello Pagano | Journal article | English | |
| Cluster Lot Quality Assurance Sampling: Effect of Increasing the Number of Clusters on Classification Precision and Operational Feasibility | Alex N. Gasasira, Alexandra E. Brown, Hiromasa Okayasu, Marina Takane, Michael M. Nzioki, Pascal Mkanda, Roland W. Sutter1, Steven G. F. Wassilak | Journal article | English | |
| Comments on ‘‘Monitoring vaccination coverage: Defining the role of surveys” | Robert Pond, Sandra Mounier-Jack | Journal article | English | |
| Consultancy services for conducting an evaluation of immunisation coverage monitoring methodology and process | Wolfgang Weber, Xavier Bosch-Capblanch | Guidance | English | |
| Does adjusting for recall in trend analysis affect coverage estimates for maternal and child health indicators? An analysis of DHS and MICS survey data | Donela Besada, Nicholas P. Oliphant, Nobubelo K. Ngandu, Samuel Manda, Sarah Rohde, Tanya Doherty | Journal article | English | |
| Effectiveness of Using Mobile Phone Image Capture for Collecting Secondary Data: A Case Study on Immunization History Data Among Children in Remote Areas of Thailand | Amnat Khamsiriwatchara, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Kasemsak Jandee, Peerawat Wansatid, Saranath Lawpoolsri, Waranya Wongwit | 2015 | Journal article | English |
| Evaluating Confidence Interval Methods for Binomial Proportions in Clustered Surveys | Marcello Pagano, Natalie Dean | Journal article | English | |
| Immunization Coverage Surveys and Linked Biomarker Serosurveys in Three Regions in Ethiopia | Jaya Goswami, Amha Kebede, Berhane Beyene, Inna Ruslanova, James D Campbell, Jenny Sequeira, Lisa Oot, Marcela F. Pasetti, Mardi Reymann, Mark A Travassos, Myron M Levine, Nigisti Mulholland, Robert Steinglass, Samba O Sow, Seydou S Diarra, Tassew Kassa, William C Blackwelder, Yukun Wu, Zenaw Adam | Journal article | English | |
| Issues and considerations in the use of serologic biomarkers for classifying vaccination history in household surveys | Adam MacNeil, Chung-won Lee, Vance Dietz | 1960 | Journal article | English |
| Lot Quality Assurance Sampling to Monitor Supplemental Immunization Activity Quality: An Essential Tool for Improving Performance in Polio Endemic Countries | Alexandra E. Brown, Arshad Quddus, George Walker, Guillaume Chabot-Couture, Hiromasa Okayasu, Michael M. Nzioki, Mufti Z. Wadood, Roland W. Sutter | Journal article | English | |
| LQAS: User Beware | Dale A. Rhoda, David J. Fitch, Soledad A. Fernandez, Stanley Lemeshow | Journal article | English | |
| Measurement of immunisation coverage | Jean-Marie Okwo-Bele, Maryanne Neil, Peter Salama, Tessa Wardlaw, Tony Burton | Journal article | English | |
| Measuring Coverage in MNCH: A Validation Study Linking Population Survey Derived Coverage to Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Care Records in Rural China | Biqin Tan, Harry Campbell, Jennifer Bryce, Li Liu, Li Yang, Lirong Ju, Mengying Li, Neff Walker, Robert E. Black, Yan Guo | 2013 | Journal article | English |
| Measuring coverage in MNCH: total survey error and the interpretation of intervention coverage estimates from household surveys. | Aluisio J D Barros, Dale A. Rhoda, Felicity T Cutts, Fred Arnold, Joseph Keating, Ruilin Ren, Thomas P. Eisele | Journal article | English | |
| Measuring Coverage in MNCH: Tracking Progress in Health for Women and Children Using DHS and MICS Household Surveys | Attila Hancioglu, Fred Arnold | Journal article | English | |
| Measuring populations to improve vaccination coverage | Ali Djibo, Andrew J. Tatem, Bryan T. Grenfell, Matthew J. Ferrari, Nita Bharti | 2016 | Journal article | English |
| Measuring the performance of vaccination programs using cross-sectional surveys: a likelihood framework and retrospective analysis. | Bryan T. Grenfell, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Derek A. T. Cummings, Francisco J. Luquero, Justin Lessler, Rebecca F. Grais | Journal article | English | |
| Monitoring vaccination coverage: Defining the role of surveys | Dale A. Rhoda, Felicity T Cutts, M. Carolina Danovaro-Holliday, Pierre Claquin | Journal article | English | |
| Reply to comments on Monitoring vaccination coverage: Defining the role of surveys. | Dale A. Rhoda, Felicity T Cutts, M. Carolina Danovaro-Holliday, Pierre Claquin | Journal article | English | |
| Seroepidemiology: an underused tool for designing and monitoring vaccination programmes in low- and middleincome countries | Felicity T Cutts, Matt Hanson | Journal article | English | |
| Use and abuse of rapid monitoring to assess coverage during mass vaccination campaigns. | Elizabeth T. Luman, K. Lisa Cairns, Robert Perry, Vance Dietz | Guidance | English | |
| Validity of reported vaccination coverage in 45 countries. | Christopher J. L. Murray, Bakhuti Shengelia, Neeru Gupta, Saba Moussavi, Ajay Tandon, Michel Thieren | 2003 | Journal article | English |
| Validity of vaccination cards and parental recall to estimate vaccination coverage: a systematic review of the literature. | Elizabeth T. Luman, Elizabeth Zell, Melody Miles, Tove K. Ryman, Vance Dietz | Journal article | English |